In this research, zircon Hf isotopic ratios from Sungun, Sar Cheshmeh, Meiduk, Darreh Zar and Bondar Hoza Porphyry mineralized intrusions has been studied. The Hf isotopic ratios in the studied Porphyry intrusions are similar and the average of zircon Hf values from Sar Cheshmeh, Meiduk, Darreh Zar, Bondar Hanza and Sungun Porphyry intrusions are+8.2, +9.3, +9.2, +10 and+8.6, respectively. Also, the averages of zircon TDMC ages from the Sar Cheshmeh, Sungun, Meiduk, Darreh Zar and Bondar Hanza Porphyry intrusions are 573, 550, 502, 510 and 464, respectively. The positive and restricted Hf values in the studied Porphyry intrusion zircons along with the lack of inherited zircons shows continental crust did not contribute in the evolution of the Porphyry magmas. The Hf in the studied zircons is between depleted mantle and lower crust values with a tendency towards the depleted mantle. According to adakitic nature of studied Porphyry intrusions, post collisional tectonomagmatic setting and their zircon Hf values, the primary magma has been likely originated from a juvenile metamorphosed mafic lower crust with an impressive contribution of depleted mantle.

The Masjeddgaghi Cu-Au deposit is located to the southeast of the Arasbaran zone, NW Iran, to the south of the Lesser Caucasus. Mineralization in Masjeddaghi is associated with an Eocene dioritic subvolcanic pluton intruded into older volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The Masjeddaghi intrusive body is high-K, calc alkaline, and meta-aluminous, and formed in an island arc subduction/collision setting. Hydrothermal alteration is distinguished by a potassic core marked by secondary biotite and K-spar that grades outward into a chlorite-rich propylitic halo. The ore minerals include chalcopyrite, associated with minor chalcocite, bornite, tetrahedrite, and trace molybdenite. Pyrite and magnetite are common associates. The Masjeddaghi deposit is elliptical in plan view, 500 x 400 m in diameters, and mineralization has been traced for several hundred meters from surface exposures. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology on secondary biotite from potassic alteration zone indicates that mineralization, and by corollary, the emplacement and crystallization of the Masjeddaghi porphyritic intrusion, occurred in 54.07 ± 0.53 Ma. The Masjeddaghi ore deposit shows geology, mineralization and alteration characteristics comparable to those typical of island arc type Porphyry Cu-Au systems. Masjeddaghi ore deposit shows geology, mineralization and alteration characteristics similar to island arc Porphyry type systems.

Naysian Porphyry Cu District (NPCD) is situated northeast of Isfahan, in the center of Iran along the Urumia-Dokhtar Magmatic Assemblage (UDMA) belt. Mineral Potential Mapping (MPM) is an important issue in mining to reduce the exploration costs by proposing a layout of drilling over the most favorable regions in association with an ore-bearing target. MPM can be defined as a multi-criterion decisionmaking (MCDM) problem. Out of many MCDM methods, the VIKOR is based on a compromise solution which evaluates issues with inappropriate and incompatible criteria. In this study, seven geospatial indicators related to the NPCD were extracted from geological, geochemical, and geophysical criteria. According to the conceptual model of a Porphyry copper mineralization system, the highest weight was allocated to the geochemical criterion with a value of 0. 499 and the sublayer of the copper concentration map (0. 425). In addition, the lowest weight was allocated to the geophysical criterion (0. 113). Two variants of the VIKOR method that are the conventional (C-VIKOR) and the adjusted (A-VIKOR) ones were examined in this study, and their outputs were compared with the index overlay (IO) method as a popular approach in MPM. Taking a threshold value of 0. 6 into account for final synthesized indicators, the mineral favorability areas highlighted by the IO, A-VIKOR, and C-VIKOR methods have occupied 49. 5, 15. 8, and 18. 7 hectares, respectively. It is worth pointing out that the MPM derived from the AVIKOR method has superiority over the outputs of the IO and C-VIKOR methods by introducing the lowest favorable area and 92% matching of high-grade boreholes with the proposed areas. Comparing the mean grade of copper obtained from boreholes drilled in the area and the values of MPM, a significant correlation between boreholes and prospectivity map was also obtained.

The Tanurjeh area is located in the Khaf-Darouneh volcano-plutonic belt, North of Darouneh Great fault. Eocene "Volcanicrocks such as rhyolite, dacite, rhyodacite and minor andesite are present. They are found mainly as tuff, lapilli tuff and flow. 19 sub volcanic (Oligo-Miocene) bodies with composition of monzonite, quartz monzonite, diorite and quartz diorite Porphyry are mapped. Different types of alteration such as propylitic, solidification with vugs, sericitic are well developed in the area. Silicified zone cover a large area. Alteration zones are not linear and it is inferred that they are formed due to sub-volcanic intrusive. Pyrite and minor chalcopyrite are the main primary sulfides. They occur both as dissemination and fracture filling. In most of the areas, sulfides are oxidized. Secondary oxides are between 0.3 8 percent. Au, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, and Mo show anomaly in the area The Au content of rock samples are between 0.1 11.2 ppm. Tanurjeh has several features analogous to gold-rich Porphyry deposits: cluster of sub-volcanic intermediate calcalkaline rocks, hydrothermal alteration closely associated with the intrusive bodies, present of gold anomaly in most of the area, extensive solidification. (vuggy quartz) is dominate, and presence of pyrite, mostly oxidized, both disseminated and veinlets.

Porphyry deposits are very important as they contain very large reserves of copper and valuable secondary elements such as molybdenum and gold. Copper-molybdenum or quartz monzonite Porphyry deposits are usually structurally related to the magma arc associated with the upper parts of the subduction zone of the continental margin, and copper-gold or Porphyry diorite deposits usually form in association with the subduction zone of the island arc (Sillitoe, 2010; Park et al., 2021).Kahang Cu-Mo deposit is located in the middle section of the Urumieyh-Dokhtra magmatic arc. In 2001, Kahang was identified by processing satellite imagery data and mapping hydrothermal alteration by Rio Tinto Mining and Exploration Limited company. Then, a detailed exploration was carried out by Dorsa mining company from 2002 to 2007 and about 40 million tons of copper ore with a grade of 0.6 percent was established (Asadi, 2007). Since 2008, extensive deep drilling has been performed by the National Iranian Copper Company to increase the proved reserve. The main focus of the previous researchers at the Kahang deposit was mostly based on conceptual studies on magmatic character and hydrothermal alterations (Ayati et al., 2008; Harati, 2011; Azadi et al., 2014; Komeili, et al., 2017; Aliyari et al., 2020). In the present research, ASTER satellite imagery data, geological maps, as well as geochemical and magnetic data were processed and used to identify optimum exploration criteria at the Kahang Porphyry Cu-Mo deposit and other similar deposits.Geology and mineralization Near-surface mineralization at Kahang deposit is related to altered and brecciated quartz monzonite dykes, and deeper than 200 m is associated with altered quartz monzonite Porphyry intrusions showing calk alkaline characteristics. The extensive hydrothermal alteration, from the center to the margin of the Kahang deposit, are phyllic, argillic, and propylitic alterations. Mineralization is mostly related to strong phyllic and potassic alterations.Materials and methodsDetailed geological maps of Kahang area were used to identify geological exploration criteria. Aster satellite imagery data of the area was used to identify hydrothermal alterations. ICP analytical results of elements such as Cu, Mo, Zn, and Pb were used to create uni-element and additive index multi-element geochemical anomaly maps to identify geochemical exploration characteristics. In total 16 rock samples were collected for petrographic studies and XRF analysis. A number of 568 magnetic measurements were used to create magnetic anomalies associated with favorable subsurface hydrothermal alterations possibly associated with Cu-Mo mineralization.Geochemical exploration criteriaICP analytical results of the soil samples were used to identify geochemical exploration criteria at Kahang deposit. Basic statical studies were applied to these data to identify the variation of Cu, Mo, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the soil samples that could be associated with subsurface mineralization. Mult-elements additive index geochemical maps of the analytical results of the soil samples showed a Cu-Mo enrichment zone in the central part of the hydrothermal alteration and a Pb-Zn depletion zone in the margin. Based on these additive index maps three Porphyry centers were identified at the Kahang deposit for further exploration.Magnetic signatureBy processing ground magnetic data of the eastern Porphyry center at Kahang deposit, residual total magnetic intensity and upward continuation magnetic maps were created to identify magnetic signatures possibly associated with mineralized hydrothermal alterations. These maps showed an ellipsoid-shaped low magnetic anomaly in the eastern Porphyry center associated with phyllic alteration hosting Cu-Mo mineralization. These low magnetic anomalies can be used to identify zones of subsurface mineralization at Kahang deposit.DiscussionIn this research, remote sensing, geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies showed three Porphyry centers at Kahang deposit. The world-class economic mineralization only occurred in the eastern Porphyry center due to the presence of extensively strongly altered and brecciated quartz monzonite Porphyry units showing low magnetic signatures and high Cu-Mo additive index anomalies. By comparing the low magnetic anomalies, high Cu-Mo anomalies, alteration zonation, brecciated rock units, and favorable structures, successful drilling targets can be identified to test subsurface mineralization at Kahang deposit. The integration of this information along with the geochemical and primary drilling information were used to plan systematic drilling. Most of the holes drilled in this zone at depths greater than 150 meters encountered economic mineralization of copper (approximately 0.5%) and molybdenum (approximately 700 ppm). The magmatic arc of Urmia-Dokhtar is considered the most important copper (molybdenum, gold) Porphyry province in Iran. Most of the known large Porphyry deposits of Iran, such as Sarcheshmeh and Meidok, are located in the southeast of this magmatic arc, and Songun is located in its northwest. In the central part of the Urmia Dokhtar magmatic arc, which is located in Isfahan and Central provinces, no similar deposit was reported prior to the discovery of Kahang deposit. Therefore, these studies have shown that the middle part of this arc may have the potential for many hidden Porphyry mineralizations like Kahang deposit. Therefore, the exploration criteria identified in this study can be used for the exploration of similar deposits in this area at various stages of exploration, from identification to detailed exploration.

The Sarkuh Porphyry Cu deposit located in the Urumieh – Dokhtar Magmatic Belt (UDMB), is associated with the emplacement of Miocene intrusions mainly containing granite – granodiorite within Eocene units including tuff, andesite, basaltic andesite, and pyroclastic breccia. Potassic alteration of the deposit (dominated by magnetite, secondary and re-equilibrated biotites as well as anhydrite) is well extended. In this study EDX spectra of accessory minerals within potassic alteration was assessed to trace the occurrence of rare minerals. Additionally, EMPA results of magnetite paragenesis were linked to physicochemical attributes of rare minerals occurrences. Results indicate that unusual occurrence of Ce-La rich epidotes with REE-enriched monazites and Ce-bearing titanites are accompanied with apatite, anhydrite, hydrothermal biotite, quartz, and magnetite assemblages in the potassic alteration. Magnetite composition implies that early-stages high temperature magmatic – hydrothermal fluids (>500 °C) with low rates of fluid – rock interaction were contributed in the magnetite crystallization. Commonly, these magnetites are accompanied by hematite and anhydrite providing insights into the very high oxygen fugacity conditions (near magnetite - hematite buffers ~ ΔFMQ+4). Considering the chemistry of magnetite paragenesis, it seems that the occurrence of rare minerals are mainly associated pre-ore stages in the potassic alteration

Dalli mineralized area is located in Markazi province, about 200 km SW of Tehran within the Urumieh- Dokhtar Magmatic Arc. This mineralized area is hosted by andesite to dacite rocks that intruded into the volcanic rocks dominantly in andesitic composition and pyroclastics in miocene-pliocene age. In this area, igneous rocks have porphyritic texture and are composed mainly of biotite, amphibole, plagioclase, and quartz with variable amount of opaque minerals including dominantly pyrite, chalcopyrite and magnetite and secondary minerals such as epidote, calcite, chlorite, sericite. Geological and geochemical investigations show that mineralization in this area is of gold - rich Porphyry Copper type. The content of Cu and Au is high wich is more than 0.75w% and about 1.2 ppm respectively. The mineralization is associated by felsic porphyritic igneous rocks and hydrothermal alteration such as potassic (secondary biotite, magnetite, and secondary k-feldspar), phyllic (sericite, quartz, and pyrite) and propylitic (calcite, chlorite, epidote...).The content of magnetite and stockworks of quartz - magnetite is high. These evidences can prove that Dalli mineralized area is a Porphyry copper system.

The Main Copper belt of Iran that corresponds with the Cenozoic Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt (UDMB) extends for over 2000 km, with an average width of 40 Km, from northwest to southeast Iran, and is characterized by dominantly calc-alkaline volcanic, pyroclastic and intrusive rocks. This belt hosts numerous Porphyry-type Cu±Mo mineralization, but notable are two world-class deposits, Sarcheshmeh (1200 Mt of ore at 0.69% Cu and 300 ppm Mo) and Sungun (>500 Mt of ore at 0.69% Cu and~250 ppm Mo) in the southern and northern of the Cu-Au belt, respectively. There are evidences that the northern part of Iran formed on a separate arc related to the southern lesser Caucasusian subduction zone. The arc extends from northwest Iran to Armenia in the north and contains several Porphyry-style mineralizations, including Sungun and Haftcheshmeh in Iran and Kajaran and Dastakert in Armenia. The Haftcheshmeh prospect is a magmatic suite. Intrusions composition is vary from gabbro to granodiorite. The granodiorite intrusion has intruded into the intrusion with gabbro composition. Drilling works has indicated an ellipsoid body with 500×700 dimension at the 700m depth. Potassic, phyllic, propylitic and argillic alteration assemblages are well developed in Haftcheshmeh. Mineralization occurs as disseminated as well as stock works in the granodiorite and the gabbro. Sillica A and D type veinlets are present in this district. On primitive mantle-normalized plots, the porphyritic intrusion shows clear enrichment in LILE, U, Th, Pb and Sr, and depletion in HFSE (Ti, Ta, Nb), features commonly attributed to subduction-related magmas originated from mantle. The Haftcheshmeh prospect is a typical Porphyry deposit in terms of its alteration and mineralization, association with felsic intrusions, predominance of quartz veinlets and subduction related tectonic setting.

Geophysical exploration is an inexpensive, fast and efficient tool to provide valuable information about the sub-surface geological complications (Dentith and Mudge, 2014). Modern geophysical methods are widely used to identify and characterize Porphyry copper deposits on various scales (Holden et al., 2011; Hoschke, 2011; Clark, 2014). It is often an indirect exploration. . .

Introduction In Porphyry copper deposits, turquoise is considered to be a supergene oxidation product (John et al., 2010; Chavez, 2000). Based on Rezaian et al., 2003; Zarasvandi et al., 2005 and Eslamizadeh, 2004, the Aliabad index is introduced as a Porphyry copper system. The first published report on turquoise events around Ali-Abad was presented by Momenzadeh et al., 1988. This area is located 57 km southwest of Yazd. Alterations often include siricitization, advanced argillization. Kaolinization and silicification have occurred frequently in the arkose and microcan glomerate of the Sangestan formation. The aim of this research study is to try to reconstruct and investigate the formation and origin of turquoise by using the latest mineralogical and geochemical data. Field evidence shows occurrence of turquoise in the form of a veinlet and nodules, with blue-green and blue-white colors. Jarosite, alunite, quartz and iron oxides are found together with turquoise....